Natural Disasters in India with Special Reference Essay Example

Cataclysmic events in India with Special Reference Paper Avalanches are regular in the Lower Himalayas. Portions of the Western Ghats additionally experience the ill effects of low-force avalanches. Floods are the most well-known cataclysmic event in India. The substantial southwest rainstorm downpours cause the Paramount and different streams to expand their banks, regularly flooding encompassing zones. Despite the fact that they furnish rice payday ranchers with a to a great extent reliable wellspring of regular water system and preparation, the floods can kill thousands and dislodge millions. Overabundance, sporadic, or troublesome storm precipitation may likewise wash away or in any case ruin crops. Practically all of India is flood-inclined, and outrageous precipitation occasions, for example, streak floods and heavy rains, have gotten progressively normal in focal India over the past generally decades, concurring with rising temperatures. Mean yearly precipitation aggregates have stayed consistent because of the declining recurrence of climate frameworks that produce moderate measures of downpour. A catastrophic event may be brought about by seismic tremors, flooding, volcanic emission, avalanche, tropical storms and so on. So as to be named a fiasco it will have significant ecological impact and additionally human misfortune and much of the time brings about money related misfortune. This survey explains the cataclysmic events of Tamil Nadia and its conceivable reason just as the preventive/relief measures. Catchphrases: Natural starters, dry spells, streak floods, twisters, torrential slides, avalanches, storms. Presentation At the worldwide level, there has been extensive worry over catastrophic events. Numerous cataclysmic events in India have made devastation the life and property of residents and nature all in all every now and then. We will compose a custom exposition test on Natural Disasters in India with Special Reference explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Natural Disasters in India with Special Reference explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Natural Disasters in India with Special Reference explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Along these lines, joined Nations General Assembly, in 1989, pronounced the decade 1990-2000 as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction with the target to decrease loss of lives and property and confine financial harm through purposeful universal activity for suitable administration tragedies, particularly in the creating nations. These catastrophes incorporate violent winds, floods, seismic tremors, volcanic ejections, starvations, dry season, avalanches and so forth. Among all the ones referenced floods and seismic tremors are the most widely recognized in India. India is no special case as it has been customarily helpless against catastrophic events by virtue of its exceptional well climatic conditions. Floods, dry spells, violent winds, seismic tremors and avalanches have been intermittent wonders in India because of enormous populace development, and relocation into urban territories (De et al. , 2005). Tamil Nadia has seen ruin brought about by yeses and tempest flood in the beach front districts, seismic tremors, rainstorm floods, avalanches, and as of late the Tsunami. Increment in urban populace combined with the development of man-made structures frequently ineffectively assembled and kept up subject urban areas to more noteworthy degrees of hazard to life and property in case Of quakes and other common dangers. India is a territory of 3,287,263 square kilometers and a coastline of 7516 km, with the last official statistics in 2001 indicating a populace 1. 028 billion individuals (NIB, 2009). Tamil Nadia covers a territory of 130, 0582 SMS and has a coastline f around 1,076 SMS which is about 15% of the coastline of India (Bavarian et al. , 2011). Over 40% of the fisher populace lives inside 1 km of coast and half of them live inside 2 km of the coast. The land setting of Tamil Nadia makes the state powerless against catastrophic events, for example, violent winds (Mascaras and Kumara 2007) floods and seismic tremor initiated wave. About 8% of the state is influenced by five to six violent winds each year, of which a few are extreme. Cyclonic exercises on the east coast are more extreme than on the west coast, and happen for the most part be;en April-May and October-November (Supply and Aircraftman, 2009). Floods are high stream that floods the common banks of the waterways and the greater part of the occasions become disastrous. India is the most flood influenced country after Bangladesh. Out of complete passings by Floods on the planet, (1/5) are from India. The fundamental driver of floods are over the top rains in waterway catchments, poor characteristic seepage, Change of stream course, Landslide confining stream, twister and extreme precipitation (Fig. 1). Over that previous hardly any years the ascent in populace is constraining enormous settlements along the waterway banks, making the nation Thou Education and Research Trust (YEAR) Stephen, 201 2 J. Miscreant. Indus. Rest. Volvo. 1(2) July 2012 60 arrangements and measures for different counteractions and calamity the executives exercises are appropriately actualized. From the flood danger guide of India (Fig. 1), it is seen that no region in Tamil Nadia falls in the hazard zone. Be that as it may, inside a nearby body territory, especially concerning a territories closeness to a significant waste framework like streams, waterways, and furthermore water bodies like lakes, and further regarding shape levels/low-lying zones, flood inclined zone mapping must be finished. Tamil Nadia is additionally exposed to yearly flooding including streak floods, torrent floods, rainstorm surges of single and numerous occasions, cyclonic floods, and those because of dam blasts or disappointment. Consistently, on normal a huge number of individuals are influenced, two or three hundred lives are lost, thousands are rendered destitute and a few hectares of yields are harmed. Consistently, Flooding in India influences Tamil Nadia and the other Indian conditions of Assam, Briar, West Bengal, Gujarat, Arioso, Utterance, and Maharajahs (Supply and Aircraftman, 2009). Floods are the most successive and regularly the most pulverizing. The reason for flood is mostly the causalities of precipitation in North east storm period in the state. Out of the all out yearly precipitation in the state, 90% is thought over short rainstorm period of a quarter of a year. Therefore, overwhelming releases from the waterways during this period causing far reaching floods in the delta districts. Floods happen predominantly in the beach front regions bowl that conveys 100% of the state all out stream streams (Poniard, 2006). Typhoons Cyclone alludes to a spin in the air with exceptionally solid breezes circling around it in against clockwise course in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Violent winds re exceptional low weight regions with pressure expanding outwards. Violent winds can be dangerous as Cyclones are typically connected with solid breezes. A tempest flood is an irregular ascent of ocean level close to the coast brought about by a Fig. 1. F-plunder danger guide of India. Profoundly helpless against Floods. The most helpless conditions of India are Attar Pradesh, Briar, Assam, West Bengal, Gujarat, Arioso, Andorra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharajahs, Punjab and Jam and Kashmir. In 1994, a significant flood slaughtered 147 individuals in Kraal, 138 in Gujarat and marooned 10000 in Madhya Pradesh. In 1995, the conditions of Attar Pradesh, Harlan and Raunchy Pradesh were seriously hit by flood causing enormous losses. In the year 1996, a wild flood actually deadened India, Thousands of individuals kicked the bucket, got destitute, were marooned in the conditions of Restaurants, Andorra Pradesh, Jam and Kashmir additionally influencing numerous different pieces Of the nation. To put it plainly, almost consistently either some portion of the nation is seriously hit by Hoods and making a dishonorable history for India. The opportunity has already come and gone that the @Youth Education and Research Trust (YEAR) J. Lowlife. Indus. Rest. Volvo. 1(2) July 2012 61 period (Fig. 2). The coast line begins from Publican along the east coast and reaches out up to Ruminatively in Sanitarium District and comprises of Estuaries of natural significance, Major and Minor ports, Fishing harbors, Monuments of universal legacy, Tourist areas, Pilgrimage focuses, and so on. Tremors Earthquakes are amazing appearances of unexpected arrivals of strain vitality aggregated inside the outside layer and spread as seismic waves. The need to comprehend and contemplate the marvel of seismic tremor is for a straightforward explanation, that it is the most shocking characteristic disaster for humankind. The Himalayan Frontal circular segment in India is among the most seismically dynamic districts of the world. Indeed, even the Peninsular Stretch is amazingly defenseless to Earthquakes. The Run of Ketch Earthquake of 1918 is one of the biggest interplant occasions on the planet. The first Seismological observatory in Quite a while was set up in the year 1 898 in the city of Calcutta. Throughout the years the division has been exponentially extended by the Meteorological Department of India. Tamil Nadia isn't as seismically dynamic as states in the northern and western pieces of the nation, little to direct quakes have happened in the province of Tamil Nadia. The recurrence of quakes is low I. E. The hole between moderate estimated occasions is genuinely long. Seismic movement in the ongoing past has happened in bunches (Disgusts et al. , 2000) along the outskirts with Andorra Pradesh, Karakas and Kraal. Ever tropical violent wind; subsequently, ocean water immerses low lying regions of seaside areas suffocating people and lives-stock, dissolving sea shores and banks, wrecking vegetation and diminishing soil richness. Fig. 2. TN: Hazard Map-seismic tremor, Floods and Cyclone (After Poniard, 2006). Aside from solid breezes, violent winds can bring about overwhelming downpours causing floods. Nonetheless, the most dangerous factor related with the violent winds is the tempest flood. The most noticeably terrible and the most established violent wind in India was in 1 737, in Calcutta that took 300000 lives separately. For typhoon gauge and guidance ahead of time, the Government has reinforced the Meteorological Department, by giving Cyclone Surveillan

Contribute to Children and Young People’s Health and Safety Essay

Layout the wellbeing and security approaches and methodology of the work setting. Strategies and techniques are set up to help ensure kids and grown-ups inside the setting. In the UK early year’s settings must conform to the legal structure for the Early Years Foundation stage (EYFS). This covers all parts of the government assistance of kids in early year’s settings. These include: Defending †Having state-of-the-art strategies which are accessible to guardians and carers Suitable individuals †Making sure everybody is reasonable to work with kids (aptitudes, preparing, information and capabilities) Suitable premises and hardware †ensuring there is indoor and outside space and all gear is fit for reason. Documentation †Maintaining records about the kids, staff/supplier, premises, hazard evaluations and OFSTED enlistment. Record of strategies and methodology. Understand more: Explain how wellbeing and security is checked and looked after exposition Settings should likewise agree to enactments which set out the lawful prerequisites which additionally help protect everybody in the setting in every unique circumstance they may confront. Here are a few instances of the fundamental enactments pertinent to childcare settings: Wellbeing and Safety at Work Act 1974 Kitemarking CE item security checking (item wellbeing markings) Motor Vehicles (wearing of seatbelts)(Amendment ) Regulation 2006 COSHH Regulation 2002 (Labeling of dangerous substances) Revealing of wounds, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrence Regulations 1995 Childcare Act 2006 , Regulation of care (Scotland) and National Care Standards Smoking boycott Food cleanliness 2006 Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 Distinguish the lines of obligation and revealing for wellbeing and security in the work setting Inside settings, assigned individuals will be answerable for various zones. A definitive duty lies with the administrator. Others inside the setting will be in control different things, for example, the everyday running , execution of its approach and practices and explicit territories or rooms. A banner indicating staff names and their duties will be shown in the setting on. Everybody has a duty to advance safe working practices and keep up a solid, sheltered and secure work environment. Strategies and systems alongside guidelines will guarantee individuals inside the setting do this. Inside the setting staff will know about the individual they should report any worries they need to with respect to any wellbeing and security issues. Staff will record any noteworthy data, for example, prescription, episodes or mishaps. 1.3 Explain what chance evaluation is and how this is overseen in the work setting A hazard evaluation recognizes potential dangers which could cause hurt. Inside a setting it is difficult to forestall each and every minor episode anyway care must be taken to guarantee the youngsters inside a setting are secured. It is conceivable to forestall or control most dangers. A hazard evaluation must be contemplated for every specific movement or circumstance and will take a gander at the conceivable mischief or peril to individuals or an association. Settings will execute hazard evaluations systems as a component of everyday daily schedule. They should guarantee legitimate checks are made. These incorporate checking indoor and open air space, materials and hardware. Any excursions or trips would likewise be evaluated. They will observe any risks. Significantâ hazards must be managed contemplating the quantity of individuals who could be included. Hazard evaluations mull over things which may appear to be innocuous or go unnoticed. Hazard appraisals take a gander at all various zones of the setting from the gear inside the rooms to the security of the structure. For certain exercises chance appraisal may not be important each time as they convey low level hazard which is probably not going to change anyway they would even now be evaluated all the time, for example, week by week. In the event that an outing is made outside the setting this must be hazard evaluated ahead of time. Inside the setting the supervisor and staff must realize who is liable for completing the hazard appraisals and who is liable for various zones. They should likewise see how the dangers evaluations will be shown and how they will be actualized. Result 2 have the option to perceive hazard and perils in the work setting and during off site visits 2.1. Clarify why a safe yet testing condition is significant for youngsters and youngsters It is significant for kids and youngsters create through investigating and attempting new encounters. They become familiar with their own cutoff points and should be permitted to push their own degree of expertise. Anyway they should be bolstered to guarantee this is done in a protected positive condition. Youngsters, in contrast to grown-ups, have not yet built up the abilities and judgment to consistently settle on the protected choices. It is the staff’s duty to judge what is protected dependent on the child’s age and capacity. For instance a one year old kid would not be protected to endeavor going down a stairwell despite the fact that they may attempt to do as such. There will consistently be a hazard anyway sooner or later the kid must be tested and figure out how to stroll down the steps when it is suitable to the child’s age and capacity. On the off chance that they are not tested they will develop into a grown-up who needed ordinary abilities and exerci ses. 2.2. Recognize the contrasts among hazard and danger A danger is depicted as something which can possibly cause hurt and a hazard is the imaginable effect of the risk related with the movement. For instance a container of Milton cleaner is kept in an organizer inside a room at nursery could be a hazard; the peril is that a youngster could take the cleaner and drink it, anyway the hazard is probably not going to cause hurt in light of the fact that the sink cabinet has kid security bolts on them. The hazard is controlled and a youngster would not have the option to get to the cabinet 2.3. Distinguish potential perils to the wellbeing, wellbeing and security of youngsters or youngsters in the work setting Each movement and setting conveys chance because of perils. To guarantee the kids appreciate the full estimation of the setting or action dangers and dangers ought to be recognized and decreased or dispensed with if fundamental. The wellbeing, security and security of the kids or youngsters are subject to the activities completed to limit the danger of the risk inside setting or off site. In numerous settings they will have an individual who is selected to manage wellbeing and security enactment and arrangements and methods. Here is a table indicating the various sorts of potential perils and models: Result 3 Know what to do in case of a non clinical episode or crisis 3.1. Distinguish non clinical occurrences and crises that may happen in the work setting There are loads of non-clinical occurrences and non health related crises that occur inside the setting. Here are a few models: Fire Flood Missing individual Unapproved individual in building Water/electric cut Force and warming disappointment Bomb danger Unsafe spillage Gas spill 3.2. Layout the moves to make in light of the accompanying circumstances: (a) fires (b) Security episodes (c) crisis episodes Inside settings they will have methodology set up to manage crisis circumstances. Settings will have bores and practices and everybody will know about techniques to follow. Flames Close entryways and windows and get the youngsters out of the premises by closest exit Get the registers/marking in sheets Try not to leave youngsters unattended Try not to stop to put the fire out Call the fire detachment as quickly as time permits on 999 Give the administrator your phone number and request the fire administration Clearly state there is a fire and give the location you are at. Guarantee the administrator rehashes the location The administrator will check the structure to ensure everybody is out Check registers/marking in sheets to guarantee everybody is represented Do not enter until it has been affirmed as protected. Security episodes Settings ought to never have an obscure or unapproved individual inside the premises. Logs will be saved for marking in or out of the structure and most settings will have secure passageway which requires a code or card to enter. In the event that an individual is found in the structure that is obscure they ought to be requested recognizable proof. In the event that they can't give this the administrator ought to be educated. An individual from staff should remain with the unapproved individual until the director comes. Crisis episodes All staff will know about techniques for crises. Cautioning signs may should be activated promptly, before informing others with respect to the episode. The supervisor or individual in control ought to be educated and nearby administrations (E.g. Police) reached if essential. If necessary bring the emergency treatment pack. Contact any individual who should be educated for example guardians. During any crisis everybody should remain quiet. Logs ought to be made of any crisis episodes. Result 4 Know what to do in case of a kid or youngster getting sick or harmed 4.1 Identify the sign and manifestations which may show that a youngster or youngster is harmed or unwell SIGNS are changes which can be seen which may recommend ailment and diseases†¨SYMPTOMS changes in the body, for example, feeling wiped out or having migraine Kids will ordinarily tell you when they are unwell. They may carry on contrastingly or disclose to you their side effects, for example, they feel wiped out or have torment. They may give clear indications they are unwell, for example, heaving, looking pale or having red cheeks More youthful youngsters and infants will most likely be unable to reveal to you they are unwell. Normal signs and side effects of disease/injury are: †¢ Fever †¢ Loss of craving †¢ Diarrhea †¢ Vomiting †¢ Constant crying/cries in an unexpected way †¢ Floppiness/absence of vitality †¢ Dry nappies †¢ Seizures. †¢ Breathing troubles †¢ Cuts/wounds †¢ growing †¢ Redness/messy zones †¢ Rash 4.2. Distinguish conditions when

4 Habits Of The Successful Forex Traders

4 Habits Of The Successful Forex Traders Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!4 Habits Of The Successful Forex TradersUpdated On 01/11/2016Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : http://hbb.me/2eurutv CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogTrading in the financial markets can be quite tricky as there is no single formula for achieving success in the trades. A trader needs balance, talent, patience and needs to stay mindful about the surrounding situations which have a tendency to change anytime. Trading platform also holds great significance in making a trade successful. One should leverage renowned and trusted trading platforms such as ETX Capital which allows you to trade forex, commodities, currency pairs and indices.It is important for traders to blend a thorough analysis and effective implementation to achieve success in the trading. Also, one needs talent, hard work, and dedication to become a good trader. Here are the top 4 habits whi ch you will find in successful traders, and you must inculcate these in yourself if you are a trading aspirant.1. Trading ApproachBefore you start trading, its imperative to comprehend the importance of proper preparation. So, before initiating to trade, its important to align your personal goal and your personality temperament with the markets and instruments which you can comfortably relate to. Your preparation includes selection of a time frame, market, and trading methodology as well.2. AttitudeThe right attitude is quite important for trading. Attitude, in the context of trading, implies that you develop a mindset which reflects the attributes including patience, discipline, objectivity and realistic expectations. Discipline refers to the ability to be patient and not make impulsive decisions depending on the change in the surrounding conditions. Objectivity, also referred to as the emotional detachment, to a greater extent depends on your methodology.READBecome Productive Usi ng CDW Cloud Collaboration3. DiscriminationDepending on who the major trading players are and why are they indulging in trading a specific instrument, different instruments trade differently. For instance, the mutual funds are motivated differently than the hedge funds. Large banks who often trade the spot currency market in the specific currencies typically have a diverse objective than those currency traders who buy or sell the futures contracts. If you can research and find out that how the big players in the trading arena place their bets, then you can try to get allied with them and profit accordingly.4. ManagementNo-one can guarantee the profitable trades, and there is no such thing as 100 profitable trades. Even the most profitable systems have a profit to loss ration of 65% to 35%. But, whats important is how much profit you make when indulging in a profit trade and winning, and how much amount you lose while losing trade. If your profit amounts are higher as compared to the ones that you lose, you are certainly in a stable position in the trading landscape. Thus, design your strategies, test them in low-risk scenarios and use them to earn higher. But, do not experiment a lot with the methodologies and strategies.These are some of the vital strategies and habit leveraged by the successful traders, and from these valuable insights you can easily pick up some tricks which match your trading style and implement those to make bigger profits.

The Catholic Church s Stance On Peaceful Conversion

Conversion to Christianity in Medieval Iberia invoked ambivalent feelings among Christians at the time. Christians in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries intended to convert Jews and Muslims through kind words and religious teachings from the Bible. This idea of peaceful conversion, nevertheless, evolved and Christians began converting non-believers through violence and compulsion. Also, even after individuals were converted, Christians did not always fully trust their motivations, and believed they would revert into their old religions. While Marian miracles did help alleviate these tensions, thousands of vicious acts were committed against Jews and Muslims during this time period. In this essay, I am going to examine the idea of conversion from the Christian perspective, and how Christians were able to tempt Jews and Muslims to convert. I am also going to compare the contradictory nature of conversion through peaceful and violent means. This comparison will showcase how the Rom an Catholic Church s stance on peaceful conversion was overcome by local Christian communities. Conversion is the act of changing one s religion to another religion. During the twelfth to the fifteenth century in Medieval Iberia, a number of Jews and Muslims converted to Christianity. To Christians, conversions represented the elimination of dangerous enemies and the ongoing triumph of the new Israel. Christians viewed themselves as the chosen people, as they believed that Jesus ChristShow MoreRelatedHow The Roman Catholic Church s Stance On Peaceful Conversion Was Overcome By Local Christian Communities1524 Words   |  7 PagesConversion in Medieval Iberia can invoke ambivalent feelings. Christians originally wanted to convert Jews and Muslims through kind words and religious teachings from the Bible. This idea, nevertheless, evolved over the centuries and Christians began converting non-believers through violence and compulsion. 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Examining the methods and concepts of accounting process - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2189 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The purpose of accounting is to provide the information that is needed for sound economic decision making. The main purpose of financial accounting is to prepare financial reports that provide information about a firms performance to external parties such as investors, creditors, and tax authorities. There are several steps show how accounting done using accounting cycle. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Examining the methods and concepts of accounting process" essay for you Create order Analyzing step in the accounting cycle is the first, it involves categorizing all receipts for business purchases and supporting documentation, such as bank statements. Next step is Journalize, it is to record each transaction into a General Journal. This is the double-entry system and the bookkeeper will record a credit (plus) amount and a debit (minus) amount to each account. After journalizing a transaction, transfer it to a ledger. Each account has its own ledger to allow the business owner to see expenditures in that account at a glance. Next steps is unadjusted trial balance, the accounting equation states that assets are equal to the owners equity plus his liabilities. The unadjusted trial balance provides a tally of the totals, as either a debit or a credit, and is used as the basis for performing the process discussed in the next section, adjusting entries. Sometimes transactions occur through means other than checks and receipts. These include interest, finance charges or p repayments. After completing the adjustments, make another trial balance. Four financial statements are commonly prepared at the end of an accounting period to inform the owner or investors about the health of the business and current profits. The first is the Income Statement, followed by a Statement of Earnings, a Balance Sheet and finally, a Cash Flow Analysis. The last steps is closing the books which is prepared at the end of the fiscal year, the business owner will close the previous years accounts and start fresh in the next year. This involves crediting or debiting income accounts to bring the balances to zero. A temporary Summary Income account is created to use as the second half of the double-entry system and close it out at the end of the year and start fresh the next fiscal year. 2. Explain what is income statement or the profit and loss account and balance sheet statement. what is income statement or the profit and loss account? The income statement cover a period of time, the balance sheet is a report at a point in time. The income statement usually shows two main categories, revenues and expenses. Revenue are listed first. Typical operating expenses for most businesses are employee salaries, utilities, and advertising. For Safeway, as with any retail firm, the largest expense is for cost of goods sold. The different between sales and cost of goods sold represents the different between the retail price Safeway receives from a grocery sale and the wholesale cost of the groceries that are sold. This difference (sale cost of goods sold) is called gross profit or gross margin. Expenses are sometimes divided into operating and non operating categories. Two other items that frequently appear in the income statement are gains and losses. Gains and losses refer to money made or lost on activities outside the normal business of a company. One final bit information required on the income statements of corporations is earnings (loss) per share (EPS). This EPS amounts is computed by dividing the net income (earning or loss) for the current period by the number of shares of stock outstanding during the period. Example of income statement format are as example 2.2. Format for Income statement account. XXX Berhad. Income statement for the year ended 31 June 20xx Sales XX ( ) Return inward/sales return XX Net sales X ( ) Cost of sales : Opening balance inventory XX Purchase XX ( ) Return outward/ Purchase return XX X ( + ) Carried in XX X X ( ) Closing inventory XX X Gross profit X ( + ) Other income : Rent receive XX Discount receive XX X X ( ) Expenses : Carriage outwards XX Salaries XX Rent XX Insurance XX Rental XX X Net profit / loss X 2.3 what is balance sheet statement? A balance sheet is presented for a particular date because it reports a companys financial position at a point in time. The balance sheet is divided into the major sections we have described: assets, liabilities, and owners equity. The asset section identifies the types of assets owned by Safeway (cash, for example) and the monetary amounts associated with those assets. The liabilities section defines the extent and nature of Safeways debts (income taxes not yet paid, for example). Owner equity completes the balance sheet. This section identifies the portion of Safeways resources that were contributed by owners, either in exchange for share of stock or as undistributed earnings since Safeways inception. Together with liabilities, Owners equity indicates how a company is financed (whether by borrowing or by owner contributions and operating profits). Classified balance sheet is needed to prepare the balance sheet statement in which assets and liabilities are subdivided into current and long-term categories. 2.4 Format for balance sheet account. XXX Berhad. Balance sheet as at 31 December 20xx Non Current Assets Motor vehicle XX Premises XX Fixture Fitting XX X Current Assets Closing inventory XX Receivable XX Bank XX Cash XX X Total Assets X Financed by: Capital XX ( + ) Net profit / ( ) Loss X X ( ) Drawing XX X ( +) Current Liaabilities Creditor XX Overdraft Bank XX X Long term liabilities Bank loan XX X X 3. Explain what is capital and revenue expenditure. 3.1 What is capital expenditure? Capital expenditure consists of expenditure, the benefit of which is not fully enjoyed in one accounting period but spread over several accounting periods. It includes assets acquired for the purpose of earning income or increasing the earning capacity of the business or effecting economy in the operation of an asset. These are not meant for sale. Expenditure incurred for improving assets and extending an existing asset is also capital expenditure. The sum of invoice price, freight and insurance charges, installation and erection cost and custom duty etc. will be capitalized in the books of a firm. These capital items appear on the assets side of Balance Sheet. 3.2 Examples of capital expenditure: Interest on capital paid during the period of construction of Company (u/s 208 of Indian Companies Act) Expenditure in connection with or incidental to the purchase or installation of an asset. Acquisition of new assets. Expenditure incur red for putting the old asset purchased, into working condition. Additions and extensions to existing assets. Interest and financing charges paid, brokerage and commission paid. Betterment of fixed assets or improvement of an asset to produce more, to improve its earning capacity or to reduce its operating expenses or to increase the life of asset. 3.2 What is Revenue expenditure? Revenue expenditure consists of expenditure incurred in one period of the accounting, the full benefit of which is enjoyed in that period only. This does not increase the earning capacity of the business but it is incurred in order to maintain the existing earning capacity of the business. It includes all expenses which arise in normal course of business. The benefit of such expenditure is for a short period, say, one year only and it is not to be carried forward to the next year. The expenditure is of a recurring nature i.e. incurred every year. 3.4 Examples of revenue expenditure: Pu rchase of raw materials for conversion into finished goods. Selling and distribution expenses incurred for sale of finished goods e.g. sales office expenses, delivery expenses, advertisement charges, et(% Establishment expenses like salaries, wages, rent, rates, taxes, insurance, depreciation on office equipment. Depreciation of plant, machinery and equipment. Expenses incurred in order to maintain the existing fixed assets in an efficient and workable state such as repairs to building, repairs to plant, white-washing and painting of building. 4. Explain what is bank reconciliation statement. 4.1 Definition or meaning of bank reconciliation statement Bank reconciliation involves comparing your record of transactions and balances to the banks record of transactions and balances. You go through every transaction in your account and make sure you and the bank agree on the transaction. Some items, such as outstanding checks, wont show up on your bank statement because the bank doesnt know about them yet. Likewise, there may have been electronic transfers at the bank that you didnt know about. Bringing all of these things into the open is what bank reconciliation is all about. If youre familiar with balancing your check book, then youre familiar with bank reconciliation. Youre essentially doing the same thing for the same reason. Bank reconciliation happens when you compare your records to the banks records. You should do a bank reconciliation at least every month to make sure you know whats happening with your accounts. Lets review how bank reconciliation works and why i t is so important. Adjustments that are commonly made by a bank to a companys account include : NSF (non sufficient funds). This is the cancellation of a prior deposit that could not collected because of insufficient funds in the check writers (payers) account. When a check is received and deposited in the payees account, the check is assumed to represent funds that will be collected from the payers bank. When a bank refuse to honor a check because of insufficient funds in the account on which it was written, the check is returned to the payees bank and is marked NSF. The amount of check, which was originally recorded as a deposit (addition) to the payees account, is deducted from the account when the check is returned unpaid. MS (miscellaneous). Other adjustment made by bank. ATM (automated teller machine) transactions. These are deposits and withdrawals made by the depositor at automated teller machines. It is unusual for the ending balance on the bank statement to equ al the amount of cash recorded in a companys cash account. The most common reasons for differences are: Time period differences . The time period of the bank statement does not coincide with the timing of the companys postings to the cash account. Deposits in transit. These are deposits that have not been processed by the bank as of the bank statement date, usually because they were made at or near the end of the month. Outstanding check. These are checks that have been written and deducted from a companys cash account but have not cleared or been deducted by the bank as of the bank statement date. Explain What is Assets and Liabilities. What is Assets? Assets is resources of the owned that controlled by a business. It help to generate future income. Assets can be divided into two which is Current assets and fixed assets Current assets are those that form part of the circulating capital of a business. They are replaced frequently or converted into cash during the course of trading. The most common current assets are stocks, trade debtors, and cash. Compare current assets with fixed assets. A fixed asset is an asset of a business intended for continuing use, rather than a short-term, temporary asset such as stocks. Fixed assets must be classified in a companys balance sheet as intangible, tangible, or investments. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, patents, and trademarks. Examples of tangible fixed assets include land and buildings, plant and machinery, fixtures and fittings, motor vehicles, office equipments and IT equipment. What is Liabilities? Liabilities are simply debts of a corporation.ÂÂ   Nearly all businesses have liabilities; even the most successful and profitable of companies will make purchases on credit.ÂÂ   Most companies also find it desirable to borrow money as a means of expanding operations more rapidly.ÂÂ   The borrowed money can be used to purchase new machinery, or additional merchandise that can be used to produce additional items to be sold to customers. Liabilities also can be separated into two groups which is current liabilities and non current liabilities. Current liabilities refer to short term debt obligations of a company, to its creditors and suppliers, which are due within 1 year.ÂÂ   For example trade payables, bank overdraft, prepaid income, and accurate expenses. Long-term liabilities are liabilities that will most likely exist for more than a year. These liabilities are made infrequently, theyre usually significant and they are meant to be liquidated (paid off) over o r after a few years. Long-term liabilities include long-term bonds, mortgages and leases that will be paid over several years. Referencing What is income statement or the profit and loss account, W. Steve Albrecht,Earl K. Stice,James D. Stice, 2008, Financial Accounting, 10th edt, Rob Dewey, United Kingdom, pg 39-41 What is balance sheet statement, W. Steve Albrecht,Earl K. Stice,James D. Stice, 2008, Financial Accounting, 10th edt, Rob Dewey, United Kingdom, pg35-39 What is capital and revenue expenditure, Viewed 22 June 2010, https://ezinearticles.com/?Capital-and-Revenueid=616033 What is bank reconciliation statement, viewed 22 June 2010, https://banking.about.com/od/businessbanking/a/bankreconciliat.htm Definition or meaning of bank reconciliation statement, W. Steve Albrecht,Earl K. Stice,James D. Stice, 2008, Financial Accounting, 10th edt, Rob Dewey, United Kingdom, pg 247 What is Assets, Viewed 25 June 2010, https://www.tutor2u.net/business/accounts/assets_fixedassets_intro.asp What is Liabilities, Viewed 25 June 2010, https://www.money-zine.com/Definitions/Investing-Dictionary/Liabilities/

Analysis Of Descartes Meditations On First Philosophy...

The Role of God in Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy In his work Meditations on First Philosophy, published in 1641, Renà © Descartes sets out to establish a set of indubitable truths for the sciences. He begins by discarding all of his beliefs, then works to rebuild his beliefs based on careful thought. Descartes clearly states this goal, saying in the First Meditation, â€Å"I will work my way up†¦ I will accomplish this by putting aside everything that admits of the least doubt† (I, 17). He is able to establish his own existence, but struggles to move beyond his internal thoughts to discuss external objects. Descartes decides that the Christian God is the bridge he needs to escape the confines of his own mind, and argues for the existence of God in the Third Meditation in order to move on to discussing the physical world. In this paper I will argue that Descartes’ rationalistic project would have been improved without an appeal to the Christian God, although I will also argue that Descartes thinks this appeal is necessary. Descartes declares that he will only accept ideas that he can absolutely affirm, but accepts the existence of God without adequately proving it. This inadequacy undermines his declared project of defining the world in terms of established ideas. He does not sufficiently prove the idea of God, yet bases so much on it. When he later discusses physical bodies, intellect, and mathematical concepts, the reader cannot forget that everything he writes isShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Rene Descartes s Meditations On First Philosophy 1399 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy Essay 1 Rene Descartes was born in in La Haye, France, in 1596 and he studied at La Fleche Jesuit College and University of Poitiers. Descartes also lived in Germany, Holland and Sweden. He then worked in the army as a private councillor and then as a court philosopher. Descartes book ‘Meditations on First Philosophy’ was first published in 1641. The edition used to write this essay was edited by John Cottingham and was published by the Cambridge University Press in 1996. Descartes wasRead MoreAnalysis Of Rene Descartes s Meditations On First Philosophy1066 Words   |  5 Pagesis reality? Among these writers were Renà ¨ Descartes and George Berkeley, who respectively argued that everything perceived must be real due to God being unable to deceive, and that the physical world only exists in one’s mind. In my view, it is not certain that the physical world is real, but one should act as if it is. Renà ¨ Descartes, in Meditations on First Philosophy, wrote each section after successive â€Å"meditations.† In Descartes’s first meditation, he claims it is unable to be proven whetherRead MoreThe Nature Of The Human Mind878 Words   |  4 PagesRene Descartes second meditation is titled, Concerning the Nature of the Human Mind: That it is Better Known than the Body. In his second meditation, Descartes argues that the human mind exists merely by itself without any physical representation in the world. This argument lead to many of his later meditations and allowed him to really build the framework for Western Philosophy. The cogent argument is arguably the most crucial argument, which lead us to our philosophy of the mind. In some respectRead MoreDescartes’ Cogito Argument Successfully Shows the Evil Demon Argument is Unsound888 Words   |  4 PagesDoes Descartes’ Cogito argument successfully show that the Evil Demon Argument is unsound? 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Descartes’ method to begin with is reductive, removing all knowledge acquired withoutRead More Weaknesses of Descartes Arguments Essays1641 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes was incorrect and made mistakes in his philosophical analysis concerning understanding the Soul and the foundation of knowledge.   Yes, he coined the famous phrase, â€Å"I think therefore I am,† but the rest of his philosophical conclusions fail to be as solid (Meditation 4; 32). Descartes knew that if he has a mind and is thinking thoughts then he must be something that has the ability to think. While he did prove that he is a thinking thing that thinks (Meditation 3; 28), he was unable toRead MoreIn Philosophy, There Are Going To Be Some Agreements And1393 Words   |  6 PagesIn philosophy, there are going to be some agreements and disagreements among philosopher’s, but the most compelling of them all is D escartes’ and Spinoza’s take in regards to mind and body, and God and free will, God existence. I will compare and contrast Descartes’ and Spinoza’s perspectives on the relationship between mind and body, and God and free will. Maria, there is no fast way to explain all of this as this takes time, so please brace yourself as I hope to provide you with a better understandingRead MoreThe On First Philosophy By Rene Descartes1699 Words   |  7 PagesIn his work Meditations on First Philosophy, published in 1641, Renà © Descartes sets out to establish a set of indubitable truths for the sciences. He begins by discarding all of his beliefs, then works to rebuild his beliefs based on careful thought. Descartes clearly states this goal, saying in the First Meditation, â€Å"I will work my way up†¦ I will accomplish this by putting aside everything that admits of the least doubt† (I, 17). He is able to establish his own existence, but struggles to move beyondRead MoreThe Life of Rene’ Descartes: His Works and His Beliefs in God1578 Words   |  7 PagesWas Rene’ Descartes just a visionary of truth, mathematical equations or was he truly a man that knew he was born to tell the world about life, knowledge, and how it all came together metaphorically? Please see the research on Rene’ Descartes cited accomplishments. Descartes was known as the first modern philosopher. Famous for making a connection between geometry and algebra, which allowed for solving of geometrical problem by way of algebraic equations, which promoted a new conception of matterRead MoreEssay about Ontological Argument Critique 857 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough in order to move forward, failed arguments must be studied to ensure that mistakes are not repeated. One such argument is the Ontological Argument. This argument was first recorded by St. Anslem (1033-1109). Descartes adapts this argument in the fifth meditation in ‘Meditations on First Philosophy.’ He first establishes that whenever he thinks about a triangle, there are certain properties that must be present in order for the form to be a triangle. Further â€Å"even if perhaps no such figure

Business Research Methods Oxford University Press

Question: Discuss about the Business Research Methods for Oxford University Press? Answer: I have possessed a very keen interest in mathematics and numerical calculations from a very early age. Through rigorous practice, I have acquired excellent competence in solving difficult mathematical problems and assignment questions. With a determination to follow my passion for mathematics, I applied for Bachelors degree in Business Administration with Marketing as the primary subject, at the University of Dammam in Saudi Arabia. I completed my graduation in the year 2013 with a strong set of skills in marketing and business administration studies. During my graduation years, I have managed to gain in-depth knowledge of accounting, finance, human resource management, economics, management information systems, strategy, marketing and project management. In addition to that, I have participated in several group projects and group assignments that helped me acquire strong teamwork capabilities and effective interpersonal skills. Apart from that, I have gained competence in developing business plans and strategies, feasibility studies, budget planning and schedule estimation techniques. I undertook an internship training and placement program at Saudi Telecom Company in Saudi Arabia. After completing my academic career, I started working at Hajjan Drilling in Saudi Arabia in the marketing and sales department. My particular nature of work involved planning and implementing marketing plans and strategies for measuring the absolute level of effectiveness of the various marketing and sales campaigns and agendas conducted by our organization. I further undertook several full-time and intensive academic English language-training programs with the aim of excelling in my English language skills and abilities. I joined the program of EF in Santa Barbara, and later I acceded to another English training program at the California State University in Long Beach. The English training courses involved extensive essay writing, reading and verbal comprehension practice that in turn significantly helped me in advance in improving my language skills that I could efficiently utilize for my graduate studies. Presently, I am looking forward to improving my career position by promoting and improving my abilities to excel in the field of business and accounting by developing additional skills based on my strong academic foundations gained so far. Here, I would like to express my keen interest in applying for the Master of Accounting Degree program at your esteem institution. After thoroughly researching about the projects and courses offered at your esteemed University, I found the diverse set of classes, associated subjects, and projects appropriately suitable for my career. I believe that your particular program will mainly help me prepare for achieving my long-term career objectives. Your program will surely help me in becoming a successful business and accounting professional and acquire a high position in my career. Apart from that, I firmly believe that my strong set of skills, relevant work experience, and passion for learning and strong academic background would primarily motivate m e in performing well and excelling in your cohort. I am actively looking forward to participating in the group projects, assignments and class discussions offered at your institution and hope to gain valuable knowledge in my field of study. Moreover, I also think that my Middle Eastern cultural background will add to the multicultural diversity of your cohort. I am obliged to have gotten the chance to apply for Master degree at your institution and positively looking forward to hearing from you soon. Bibliography Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Ferrell, O.C. and Fraedrich, J., 2016.Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Machado, C. and Davim, J.P. eds., 2016.MBA: Theory and Application of Business and Management Principles. Springer. Stewart, D.W. and Gugel, C.T. eds., 2016.Accountable Marketing: Linking Marketing Actions to Financial Performance. Routledge.

Chinese culture Essay Example

Chinese culture Essay China is making big progress after entrance of WTO however IPR dispute is happened occasionally. IPR has been acknowledged and protected in China. China is making big progress after entrance of WTO however IPR dispute is happened occasionally. China has been moving its intellectual property rights (IPR) regime closer to those found in many more developed nations. China is making more comprehensive laws, and more attention to enforcement have led to an increase in the number of IPR infringement cases being brought before the courts or taken up through Chinas administrative procedures. The Trade Union is very weak, many firms and organisations do not have Trade Union, this is one of the reasons that the labour cost is low in this country. According to (CNN Money online 2008) the Chinese government issued a new labour protection law, in which the employer has to provide new employment contracts with social security programme and overtime pay. As a result, the labour costs have been raised by 10 to 15 per cent annually According to Yang (1986) explored that the art of Guanxi â€Å"lies in the skilful mobilization of moral and cultural imperatives, such as obligation and reciprocity in pursuit of both diffused social ends and calculated instrumental ends. The system of Guanxi which relies on trust and consents of mutual advantages leads business succeed in Chinese society. According to â€Å"symbolic capital and mutual obligation and trust, and are alternatives to contracts and legal rights†. We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese culture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese culture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Chinese Relationship Hierarchy â€Å"Guanxi† plays an important role in Chinese business culture, this relationship is deeply permeating to all different Chinese firms and organisations. There is no doubt that China is regenerating and becoming modern but it is not becoming a western entity. The Chinese do not compromise on their national and local cultures and beliefs even though they are at the head of the curve. The Chinese business system may differ like in China coalition and competition between businesses is much closer and integrated. On the other hand, British have the content that the business refers to be totally dependent on competitiveness and striving through market. The business system of China relates more into synergy than in competition. The relation between British and Chinese economic sector is the ideology of culture and the anticipated culture disputes which cannot be ignored. In one’s simple opinion culture can be defined as any entity, it’s different for everything. An organization has a different and distinguishing culture as compared to the other one. Nevertheless, when it comes to the culture of a country, it is totally a different object. The culture of a country is so vast and important that it cannot be avoided. The concept of culture is the agreement, differencing and then settling it by using tactics to have consent of both the parties and countries (McNamara, 2000). The business association in China becomes a social connection after the business is on the track. However in case of British businesses, even after a long time the relationships are always proficient and professional. If a company wants to indulge in the business of China, they can achieve it by targeting the social culture of this country. The discussions and meetings should be formal but should include personal matters which removes the hurdles and improves the relationship. The basic step in investing is not to make generalisations, especially in the case of doing business in China. Not only investing money but also investing expertise, time, energy and other factors are also vital in this case. These understandings give safety to a company while facing confrontations in future. There are many aspects to study before doing business in China but the following factors identified through are specifically targeted for entering into a Chinese market (Kwintessential, 2010): 1. Establishing relationships and contacts is the most important aspect in China. The more informal and social, the better you get closer with them. The meetings and all business activities should be professional but also in accordance with Chinese culture.

The Sopranos

The Sopranos: Peppers Paul McCartney, Wingspan: Hits and History Various artists, Moulin Rouge (Soundtrack) Emmylou Harris, Anthology: The Warner/Reprise Years The late Eva Cassidy's incredibly soulful, powerful voice takes flight on Songbird. From the traditional "Wayfaring Stranger" to Sting's "Fields of Gold" and Curtis Mayfield's "People Get Ready," Cassidy makes each song her own. More Cassidy in Folk: Get Editors' Recommendations by E-mail Sign-up for our Music Delivers, and we'll e-mail you expert recommendations and info on the latest releases by your favorite artists. And if you sign up for our Rock or Alternative Rock Delivers today, you could win a copy of R.E.M.'s brand-new Reveal CD autographed by all three members of the band! Here are our sweepstakes rules. The Sopranos: Peppers Paul McCartney, Wingspan: Hits and History Various artists, Moulin Rouge (Soundtrack) Emmylou Harris, Anthology: The Warner/Reprise Years

Assessment Techniques for Evaluating Student Progress Essay

Assessment Techniques for Evaluating Student Progress - Essay Example While formal assessment offers accountability in an education system that calls for measured results, informal assessment is a method that can bring about improvement since it gives a student the ability to evaluate self and to see individually how further learning can lead to success. The two major types of formal assessment are 1) norm-referenced tests and 2) criterion-referenced tests. Both depend on a particular standard, but norm is based on a comparison with other students taking the same test, and criterion-referenced tests measure student ability within a course of study. The student's performance is compared to an established level of achievement for each task or unit of the curriculum (Rothenbacher & Leconte, 1990). The broad definition of curriculum as it relates to this paper is "all the learning planned and guided by the school, whether in groups or individually inside or outside the school" (Kelly, 1983). This type of assessment depends on standardized tests, which are administered annually by school districts and provide a ready source of data. These tests are administered across a large number of students for the purpose of comparing individual performance to the rest of the group. Also, because test publishers provide information about the tests' reliability and validity, the results are generally accepted by educators and the community. In addition, in a structured classroom setting, students have immediate access to assistance and might enjoy the social environment a formal classroom provides. A.2 Criterion-referenced Assessment This method offers a quick analysis that measures students against a set objective or criterion. It also eliminates competition and because the student is not measured by how his or her peers are doing, self-evaluation can bring about a higher level of self-esteem. Based on standardized testing, a result can be determined by a standardized checklist or rubrics, which offers validity within the system. Criterion-referenced assessment might be categorized as either formal or informal. Disadvantages of Formal Assessment Techniques B.1 Norm-referenced Assessment The test results, because they are compared to the results of other students, don't always determine the ability of the individual student. A standardized test is discriminatory because the curve favors high scorers, and lower-scoring students are automatically placed at the bottom. Therefore the actual ability of the test taker is not measured. Standardized tests, especially norm-referenced tests, are the same across all student levels and geographical areas and therefore set up an unrealistic result with the assumption that all students are the same. B.2 Criterion-referenced Assessment Although this system offers more areas of evaluation for individual students, the end result is a standard measurement. Educators sometimes base their evaluation of a student's ability on the overall results instead of looking at an individual's response to different units within the curriculum. A set standard, no matter how informal it may seem, is still structured and the

European transports and communications systems Essay

European transports and communications systems - Essay Example As the key directions the following have been named: 2. The use of various forms of co-operation, in particular between the bodies, engaged in national programs, and EU, and also transnational cooperation which is certainly the best way for achievement of objects in view. The European commission has established the supervisory council for the middle of 2001, as if to ways of cooperation work on revision of policy of cooperation between the EU countries-members now is conducted. The experts consider that the aircraft cannot develop in vacuum; its condition and development are defined by a society. The industry should satisfy constantly growing needs: reduction of cost of transportations, improvement of service, increase of a level of safety and conformity to ecological requirements, and also creation of aviatransport system which would cooperate with other transport systems. If to draw a conclusion, that in case of if this Utopia will be realized by 2020, the set of other radical changes in the Europe will be required(Kassim, 2007). So, new technical decisions and systems which will allow planes to fly in any weather conditions are necessary, and also to change some norms for optimum differentiation of air space between civil and military operators. Also updating systems of management of the airports is necessary. 10 years ago the space researches within the EU were not held. However for today the European commission represents a wide spectrum of the research programs directed on maintenance of competitiveness of the aviation industry. For the achievement of objects the frame agreements were concluded. On the increase in budget it is possible to judge about the level of development of aircraft in Europe during the last 10 years. The second frame agreement (1989-1992) has allocated for carrying out of researches in the

Academic Record Essay Example for Free

Academic Record Essay Sometimes, due to certain situations beyond our control and because of unavoidable and unforeseen circumstances, the academic track record may not be up to the mark. I strongly feel that the one bad academic year wherein I was forced to stay out of school for a period of more than six months is not reason enough to hinder my studies going forwards. This should not be the sole deciding factor to define my further academic growth and progress. I had urgent family matters and health problems to take care of during that timeframe. If the situation demanded that I fulfill my responsibilities, other than the one I have being a student, there was absolutely no choice I was left with. It was expected of me to rise to the occasion and be there for my family when they really needed me the most. Now that this phase of duty and responsibility has passed, I look forward to concentrating only on my studies that will help me develop and learn the necessary skills to get a good job and mold my personality, so I can emerge successful and also enjoy my student life to the fullest and take with me all that I possible can from each and every phase of it. See more: Social process essay If you look closely, you will notice that I’ve been a very good student and I have an unblemished track record till the time when I had to take a break from school. The grades I received a few terms before the gap are not indicative of my performance or progress made during that span of time. The score card neither indicates the level of difficulty of the subject nor does it truly reflect the amount of effort a student puts into their projects and dissertations. I would request you to think about my case, understand my circumstances and then evaluate my application accordingly.

Conflicting Themes in The Poetry of W. B. Yeats Essay -- Literary Anal

In analysing the poetry of W.B. Yeats, I have come to understand the multiple conflicting themes and positions he presents in his poetry. However, my understanding has been influenced most by Yeats’s exploration of key conflicts in ageing along with political anarchy. These are conveyed respectively in the poems â€Å"Wild Swans at Coole† (1916) and â€Å"Leda and the Swan† (1923), using the central symbol of the swan. In â€Å"Wild Swans at Coole†, Yeats conveys the conflict within his heart; where he is an ageing, old man opposed to the young, revitalised swans. He laments the loss of his playful energy which he sees in the abundance of love and vitality in the swans. In â€Å"Leda and the Swan†, Yeats conveys the political dichotomy of the Irish nationalistic struggle against the opposing British suppression; exemplified by the swan’s advances towards the vulnerable Leda. Yeats presents the key conflict of ageing through exploring his own life in decline compared to the spiritual transcendence of the swans in â€Å"Wild Swans at Coole†. Yeats wrote this poem in October 1916 after his latest rejection by Maud Gonne, following the death of her husband, John MacBride, in the Easter Rebellion. Yeats therefore reflects on the inertia of his own life, while regathering himself at Lady Gregory’s Coole Park estate. While revolving around the idea that sexual fulfilment with Maud has been lost. Yeats retains the last of his romantic preoccupations in perceiving a spiritual element through the natural world, where nature is reflective of youth and beauty. The main way this is conveyed is through the swans, symbolising youth, vitality and freedom, the conflicting position to Yeats’s personal state. Yeats conveys this through a reflective, sorrowful tone, as h... ...he spiritual element of life, discovered through the natural world with â€Å"Wild Swans at Coole†, and history with â€Å"Leda and the Swan†. Works Cited 1. Bogan, L., 1938, â€Å"William Butler Yeats†, The Atlantic Monthly, May 1938, accessed 8 June 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1938/05/william-butler-yeats/4672/ 2. Holstad, S., n.d., "Yeats's 'Leda and the Swan’: Psycho-Sexual Therapy in Action", California State University, accessed 8 June 2012, http://www-scf.usc.edu/~erdemoz/Write/leda.html 3. â€Å"Modernist Poetry 2: W. B. Yeats†, lecture by Dr. Aaron Kelly, 20th April 2004, from the green booklet â€Å"Module B: The Critical Study of Texts: William Butler Yeats†. 4. Morrison, A., 1998, â€Å"Theories of Post-Coloniality: Edward W. Said and W.B. Yeats", The Imperial Archive Project, accessed 9 June 2012, http://www.qub.ac.uk/imperial/ireland/saidyeat.htm

Eyewitness testimony

The Expert Witness â€Å"How reliable Is eyewitness testimony On the 28th of September 1 999, a building society in West Bromidic was robbed by a man brandishing a gun. He had approached the cashier desk and pushed aside a customer and then produced a gun. He ordered the three customers in the bank to lie on the floor. He then pointed the gun in the face of the cashier and told her to fill the bag with money. In doing so, she managed to raise the silent alarm alerting the police. After her compliance, the robber instructed her to also lie on the floor behind the desk.He warned the customers not to move before shooting his gun at the ceiling and running out. The four witnesses were then Interviewed as a group by police at the scene of the crime. The first Interview revealed many Inconsistencies In the descriptions of the perpetrator and also the chain of events. All witnesses had described a white male In his ass with a local accent. The group was split 2:2 on the robbers hair color, two thought blond and the others thought it was brown. The witnesses were then taken to the police station and interviewed separately.All four had now given statements eying the robber had blond hair. A lot less inconsistencies were found when the witnesses were interviewed for the second time. A third interview was conducted a few weeks later to see if any more details had been remembered of the crime. A photo was also shown to the witnesses to see if they could confirm that he was the man they remembered from the robbery. Again the group were split, two thought It could be him and the other two were unsure. All four witnesses a few months after, had taken part In a line up In which they all picked out the same man as the robber In the bank.The man they Identified turned out to by the same man from the photo they were shown previously prior to the line-up. The man they identified was James Taylor. James Taylor is a 33 year old with one previous conviction for robbing a sweet shop when he was 18. He spent 18 months in prison for this crime and hasn't been in any trouble since. He became a suspect when an anonymous tip came in from a man with a local accent giving them Sesame's name. Taylor had said he had been in Yellowhammers at the time but could not supply any witnesses to confirm his alibi.The case went to trial before a Jury which was drawn from the local area. There was no forensic evidence lining Taylor to the crime scene but the prosecution argued he was a local man with previous convictions, that couldn't produce an alibi for his confirmed the man they picked out in the line-up, with one saying she was ‘absolutely certain' that Taylor was the man who held up the building society at gun point. After a 45 minute deliberation, the Jury returned a guilty verdict and sentenced Taylor to five years in prison.To start identifying the problems with this case and detect why the conviction was unsafe one must start with the first officers attending(FAA). The Job of a FAA is to immediately attend to injured persons at the crime scene. They then should separate eyewitnesses from one another to avoid conversations between them that might distort their memories and to avoid the transfer of trace evidence, Jackson. Jackson(2008). However, the 4 witnesses were first interviewed as a group. During this interview ,there were inconsistency with the decision of the robbers hair color.After the witnesses has listened to each other's stories, two had decided to change their minds and agree his hair color was after all blond. This is a clear robber with the testimony used in the trial, as all the witnesses were interviewed as a group. Due to social desirability and conformity they changed their remembrance of characteristics. An example of social conformity can be explained by Solomon Sash's visual Judgment experiment. Cash got 7 people to take part in each experiment but every time 6 of the participants were confederates.The confederates were instructed to all follow a strict set of instructions. In the experiment two cards were shown to the group of seven. One card had a vertical line and the other card had 3 lines of varying lengths. The experimenter then asked all seven to choose which line of the three matched the length of the line on the other card. The confederates were sometimes asked to all agree on certain cards that would appear to be blatantly obviously wrong. The experimenter was testing to see if the participant would change their mind in order to conform with the majority. 4% of the innocent participants went along with the group and conformed giving the incorrect answer, School(2013). In the third interview police took a photo of a suspect, James Taylor, to the witnesses and asked them if they could confirm that he was the man they remembered from he robbery. After this the witnesses attended a line up in which Taylor was present, from this they were able to confirm that Taylor was the robber. The questio ning from the police asking to confirm that Taylor was the robber, could be considered as a leading question.Meaning that due to their choice of wording, they were able to lead the witnesses to a desired answer. They were made to think that Taylor had committed the crime, even though they may not of originally thought it was him. Loft's and Palmer in 1974, conducted an experiment to prove that leading questions n an interview can have a clear effect on witnesses answers. They asked forty five participants to watch a clip of two cars in an accident. They were spilt into 5 groups and then they were asked the question â€Å"How fast were the cars going when they (hit/ smashed/collided/bumped/contacted) each other? A week after the participants had seen the clips, they were also asked if they saw any broken glass, even though there was no broken glass. Loft's and Palmer had found that the verb used, changed the the ‘smashed' conditions reported the highest speeds, followed by â⠂¬Ëœbumped', ‘hit' and collided' in descending order. A week after when the participants were asked if there was any broken glass at the scene, people in the smashed group predominantly said yes. This proved that a leading question encouraged the participants to remember the cars traveling at a faster speed.The question has also appeared to modify their memory as they also remember seeing non-existent glass, McLeod(2010). The leading question asked by the police could be an explanation for the sudden conformation of James Taylor being the robber, even though straight after the event, two thought he ad brown hair and two thought he had blond, now they are able to recognizes some facial characteristics one even saying she was â€Å"absolutely certain† it was James Research by Loft's and Burns in 1982 also suggests that weapon focus can have a detrimental effect on memory of certain characteristics.They believe that a witness will focus more closely on the weapon used duri ng a crime and not the person holding it. They believe this is because a person will always focus on the thing that poses a threat or injury when it's not in its usual context. For example, you wouldn't be afraid of someone brandishing a gun at a shooting range. They conducted an experiment by allocating participants to one of two conditions. One watched a violent short film of a boy being shot in the head and the other watched a non-violent short film of a crime.The results were dramatic, only 4. 3% of the subjects who watched the violent crime correctly recalled a number on a boys Jersey, this compared to 27. 9% of participants who answered correctly that had watched the non-violent version, This could be another contributing factor as to why the eyewitnesses testimony's may be unreliable and as to why they might not be able to reduce an accurate description of the robber, as he did brandish a gun, put it in the face of one of the witnesses and also fired it before he left.The wit nesses were also part of the crime not watching it on a video clip like the participants in Loft's and Burns experiment. Witnessing a real life crime is more stressful than taking part in an experiment. To hypothesis that the description the witnesses gave to the Jury, might not be as accurate as they recall, might bare some weight, due to weapon focus and other contributing variables present at the time of the incident. Another factor which could disprove the testimony given by the witnesses is one called the schema and stereotype theory.This theory suggests that we are only able to take in a certain amount of information at the scene of a crime or incident. Ata later date when we are asked to provide greater detail, we rely on past experience (schemas) and prejudices (stereotypes) to fill in the gaps. We use expectations to reconstruct our memory. One experiment conducted by Bartlett in 1932 called War of the ghosts' portrayed a great example of the way people use stereotypes and schemas. Bartlett got participants to read a native North American folk tale, then repeat the story to another person in turn who repeated it and so on.By the time the last person had repeated the story back they had shortened it by three quarters and westernizes the details for example, seal clubbing was changed to fishing. One as a stored set of knowledge about a concept which guides our behavior. These are used to prompt our memory, and sometimes to fill in gaps if we are unsure, Bartlett(1932). Bartlett suggested that we make the following adjustments in certain cough situations: He believed people tend to rationalist situations and add material to Justify parts of their story.He believes that parts of a story, particularly those difficult to understand were often left out or manipulated. When people can't make sense of a situation, they tend to rearrange the order to one which fits the stereotype of their expectations in certain events. He also believes that people add their ow n emotion to a story, making the chain of events differ from someone else due to their personal emotional response. The research conducted by Bartlett is another factor hat could be problematic in the conviction of Taylor.The four witnesses could of used their schemas and stereotypes along with leading questioning from the police to come to the assumption that James Taylor was the robber. The above explanations are reasons why the conviction for James Taylor may not of been safe and also why the eye witness testimony may have been distorted. To show the weight an eyewitness testimony bares on a case, can be demonstrated by Elizabeth Loft's in 1974. Loft's gave participants three versions of a robbery and murder case, she then asked them to decide whether the defendant was guilty.Circumstantial evidence which was presented to the mock Jurors included the fact that the robber ran into the defendant's apartment block, money was found in the defendant's room and tests revealed there was a slight chance the defendant had fired a gun on the day of the robbery/murder. Results revealed that with Just this information provided, only 18% of participants thought that the defendant was guilty. When also presented with an eyewitness testimony, the guilty verdict dramatically changed to 72%. This demonstrates the powerful effect of an eyewitness testimony.More strikingly, when the participants were informed that the eyewitness was short- sighted, he was not wearing his glasses at the time of the offence, and he could not have seen the robber's face from where he was standing, 68% still gave a guilty verdict, Stewart(2013). This demonstrates the shocking strengths that an eyewitness testimony bares on each case. Upon evaluation of this case, it would seem that the conviction to ‘send a message to other potential criminals', may have been in haste. The problem with this case not only lies with unreliable eyewitness testimony's but the conduct shown by the police wrought .From group interviews, leading questions and photographs to prompting from the prosecution lawyers prior to the trial. The conviction of James Taylor in this case, seems to be more about making an example of someone in order to set a precedent for others thinking of committing a similar crime, rather than on a case which is based purely on facts and forensic evidence, in which this case had none. Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press A,R. Jacksonville(2008)Forensic science. Second Edition. Pearson education emitted, Essex England. Eyewitness Testimony In the legal profession, eyewitness testimony (EWT) is generally defined as the account of an event provided by an individual or individuals who have witnessed it.Such an account could contain the identity or identities of the people who were involved in the event, a narration of how the incident, itself, occurred, and a detailed description of the scene before, during, and after the event took place. In criminal cases in the United States, the general tendency is for juries to grant EWT a rather high level of reliability, especially in the process of identifying the perpetrator/s of a criminal act (McLeod).Unfortunately for jurists, research has been consistent in showing that EWT is not as reliable as generally perceived. As a matter of fact, in Problems and Materials on Trial Advocacy written by A. Leo Levin and Harold Cramer, the authors stated thatEyewitness testimony is, at best, evidence of what the witness believes to have occurred. It may or may not tell what actually happen ed. The familiar problems of perception, of gauging time, speed, height, weight, of accurate identification of persons accused of crime all contribute to making honest testimony something less than completely credible (Cline).This view is shared by many legal practitioners. The prevailing view not only among defense lawyers but also among prosecutors is that in spite of the sincerity of eyewitnesses, EWT could not always be credible. They are convinced that when somebody professes to have witnessed an incident or a crime, for that matter, such a statement should not be taken by faith because it is very possible that what he or she remembers seeing may not have actually happened.This argument is generally based on the fact that not all eyewitnesses possess the same degree of competence. A competent eyewitness should have the following qualities: sufficient â€Å"powers of perception†; ability to remember and describe what he or she remembers seeing; and the willingness to tell only the truth (Cline).In theory, an eyewitness testimony could be discredited in a court of law if it could be established that an eyewitness is not competent by showing that his or her memory and perception are impaired, he or she has certain biases or prejudices against the accused, or that he or she is a reputed liar. Unfortunately, records show that even eyewitness accounts from highly competent witnesses have nonetheless caused the conviction of many innocent people. These are cases which involve competent eyewitnesses giving eyewitness accounts which are not credible but appear convincing to jurors (Cline).Since eyewitness account is highly dependent upon the memory of an individual, his or her recollection of events is greatly affected by â€Å"age, health, personal bias and expectations, viewing conditions, perception problems, later discussions with other witnesses, [and] stress† (Cline).In other words, EWT should be appraised on a case-to-case basis, taking into c onsideration the personal attributes of the eyewitness and the conditions prevailing at the time of the event such as weather condition, time of day, distance of the witness from the incident, and illumination. Stress is another factor which affects a person’s memory. For instance, an eyewitness who has been so horrified by a killing often fails to recall vital aspects of the incident. In such cases, it is said that the memory of the witness fails him or her, giving credence to the school of thought which maintains that man’s memory is actually imperfect (Cline).Elizabeth Loftus belongs to this school of thought. In fact, in her book Memory: Surprising New Insights into How We Remember and Why We Forget, she wrote that â€Å"we often do not see things accurately in the first place. But even if we take in a reasonably accurate picture of some experience, it does not necessarily stay perfectly intact in memory†¦With the passage of time, with proper motivation, with the introduction of special kinds of interfering facts, the memory traces seem sometimes to change or become transformed† (Cline). In other words, memory is not only imperfect but could also be manipulated or managed. This is only one of many observations raised by scholars and researchers about the reliability of eyewitness testimony.  

Social Anxiety And Social Depression - 928 Words

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